The Seychelles, an archipelago of 115 islands off the coast of East Africa, reported its first case of COVID-19 in March 2020; as of 10 March 2021 the country has reported a total of 3,032 cases and 15 related deaths. Measures Seychelles adopted to curb the spread of the virus included suspension of air travel […]
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DETENTION STATISTICS
DETENTION CAPACITY
ALTERNATIVES TO DETENTION
ADDITIONAL ENFORCEMENT DATA
PRISON DATA
POPULATION DATA
LEGAL & REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
Does the Country Have Specific Laws that Provide for Migration-Related Detention?
GROUNDS FOR DETENTION
Immigration-Status-Related Grounds
Non-Immigration-Status-Related Grounds in Immigration Legislation
Criminal Penalties for Immigration-Related Violations
Grounds for Criminal Immigration-Related Incarceration / Maximum Length of Incarceration
LENGTH OF DETENTION
DETENTION INSTITUTIONS
PROCEDURAL STANDARDS & SAFEGUARDS
COSTS & OUTSOURCING
COVID-19 DATA
TRANSPARENCY
MONITORING
NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS MONITORING BODIES
NATIONAL PREVENTIVE MECHANISMS (OPTIONAL PROTOCOL TO UN CONVENTION AGAINST TORTURE)
NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS (NGOS)
GOVERNMENTAL MONITORING BODIES
INTERNATIONAL DETENTION MONITORING
INTERNATIONAL TREATIES & TREATY BODIES
International Treaties Ratified
Ratification Year
Observation Date
CTOCSP, Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
2004
2017
CAT, Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
1992
2017
CTOCTP, Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children
2004
2017
ICPED, International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance
2017
2017
Ratio of relevant international treaties ratified
Ratio: 13/19
Individual Complaints Procedures
Relevant Recommendations or Observations Issued by Treaty Bodies
Treaty Body
Committee on Migrant Workers
Recommendation Year
2024
Recommendation Excerpt
31. The Committee recommends that the State party:
(a) Ensure that due process safeguards, including access to a lawyer and an interpreter, in situations of investigation, arrest, detention or expulsion of migrants, including migrant workers and members of their families, as well as potential asylum ‑ seekers, for immigration-related offences, including after expulsion, are in place ; p rinciples of non-refoulement and prohibition of arbitrary and collective expulsion should be central to such processes and related decisions ;
(a) Ensure that due process safeguards, including access to a lawyer and an interpreter, in situations of investigation, arrest, detention or expulsion of migrants, including migrant workers and members of their families, as well as potential asylum ‑ seekers, for immigration-related offences, including after expulsion, are in place ; p rinciples of non-refoulement and prohibition of arbitrary and collective expulsion should be central to such processes and related decisions ;
Sources
Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, "Concluding observations on the combined second to fourth periodic reports of Egypt" 13 December 2024, United Nations General Assembly, (paragraph 37 b, c, d, & e), https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/TreatyBodyExternal/TBSearch.aspx?Lang=en&TreatyID=7&DocTypeID=5
Treaty Body
Committee on the Rights of the Child
Recommendation Year
2018
Recommendation Excerpt
§ 35. "Noting with appreciation the State party ’ s commitment to developing a national legislative asylum framework and to putting in place reception conditions for asylum-seeking and refugee children and their families arriving in the State party, the Committee recommends that the State party:
(a) Establish a national legislative asylum framework that includes procedures for refugee-status determination, to ensure that children in need of international protection and their families have prompt and effective access to fair and efficient asylum procedures and to registration and identity documents, in line with articles 4, 8 and 22 of the Convention and the Committee ’ s general comment No. 6 (2005) on treatment of unaccompanied and separated children outside their country of origin;
(b) Ensure that the best interests of asylum-seeking and refugee children are taken as a primary consideration in all decisions and agreements;
(c) Process cases involving unaccompanied asylum-seeking and refugee children in a positive, humane and expeditious manner and identify durable solutions, in line with article 10 (1) of the Convention;
(d) Develop comprehensive referral and case-management frameworks for services for children in need of international protection and their families, including for appropriate living conditions, physical and mental health services, education and the police and justice sectors — including the provision of free legal aid, particularly for unaccompanied and separated children — while ensuring that children deprived of their family environment are entitled to special protection and assistance."
(a) Establish a national legislative asylum framework that includes procedures for refugee-status determination, to ensure that children in need of international protection and their families have prompt and effective access to fair and efficient asylum procedures and to registration and identity documents, in line with articles 4, 8 and 22 of the Convention and the Committee ’ s general comment No. 6 (2005) on treatment of unaccompanied and separated children outside their country of origin;
(b) Ensure that the best interests of asylum-seeking and refugee children are taken as a primary consideration in all decisions and agreements;
(c) Process cases involving unaccompanied asylum-seeking and refugee children in a positive, humane and expeditious manner and identify durable solutions, in line with article 10 (1) of the Convention;
(d) Develop comprehensive referral and case-management frameworks for services for children in need of international protection and their families, including for appropriate living conditions, physical and mental health services, education and the police and justice sectors — including the provision of free legal aid, particularly for unaccompanied and separated children — while ensuring that children deprived of their family environment are entitled to special protection and assistance."
Sources
Committee on the Rights of the Child, "Concluding Observations on the Combined Fifth and Sixth Periodic Reports of Seychelles," CRC/C/SYC/CO/5-6, 5 March 2018, https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fSYC%2fCO%2f5-6&Lang=en
> UN Special Procedures
Relevant Recommendations or Observations by UN Special Procedures
Treaty Body
Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
Decision Date
2014
Case Details
34. To date, no victim of trafficking has been officially identified in Seychelles in spite of reported cases of possible trafficking in persons, primarily linked with migrant workers, and the fact that tourism remains one of the country’s main industries. ... However, information received indicate that foreign women and girls identified as prohibited immigrants are reportedly detained and summarily deported directly from the airport by immigration officials on suspicion of prostitution. In most cases, there is no identification process or proper assessment as to whether they were trafficked or whether their return would be safe. It is further alleged that the police are not informed about such cases until after the potential victims have left the country. Such lack of coordination in the process of identification of potential victims between immigration and police officials is a further cause of concern.
...
63. Moreover, victims of trafficking are not provided with comprehensive support. The absence of shelters and psycho-social supports for victims of gender-based violence, including trafficking, perpetuates their victimization. There are no holding facilities for irregular migrants, who are currently and inappropriately kept in police cells. The speed with which prohibited migrants are deported may not allow for thorough investigations and possible identification of trafficked persons and traffickers. Labour inspections are limited by resources to effectively overseeing businesses.
... .
70. With regard to the support services for victims of trafficking, Seychelles should:
(a) Make greater efforts to protect and assist all victims of trafficking, with full respect for their human rights. It should create and support adequately resourced programmes and institutions to provide short- and long-term assistance to victims of trafficking.
(b) Put in place a free 24 hour confidential hotline/helpline for reporting suspected cases of trafficking and exploitation of migrant workers. This should also be accessible to foreign victims of trafficking and serviced by multilingual staff who have received specialized training on trafficking in persons.
(c) Establish a comprehensive and non-discriminatory compensation scheme for victims of trafficking at the national level, including a common fund for victims of trafficking in the event of the insolvency of the perpetrators.
(d) Maintain close cooperation with the United Nations system, especially UNODC and IOM, for the identification and the safe return of trafficked victims to their country, having due regard to the need, if any, for international protection of victims.
....
73. With regard to the international, regional and bilateral frameworks, Seychelles should:
(a) Ratify without delay ILO Convention No. 189 (2011) concerning decent work for domestic workers and the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families and other relevant ILO Conventions against forced labour and exploitation.
(b) Strengthen partnerships with source countries in the region and cooperation, including through international, regional and bilateral agreements, in order to facilitate swift and coordinated responses, including through exchange of information, mutual legal assistance and safe returns.
(c) Recognize the need for a foreign workforce and develop safe migration pathways for semi-skilled and unskilled workers by entering into bilateral agreements with countries of origin and ensuring that unscrupulous recruitment agencies do not take undue advantage of migrant workers in search of a livelihood.
(d) The contribution of, and collaboration with civil society organizations, are crucial in the fight against human trafficking. In this regard, immediate steps should be taken to establish the necessary framework to enable civil society organizations to provide assistance, including shelter and counselling services to victims.
...
63. Moreover, victims of trafficking are not provided with comprehensive support. The absence of shelters and psycho-social supports for victims of gender-based violence, including trafficking, perpetuates their victimization. There are no holding facilities for irregular migrants, who are currently and inappropriately kept in police cells. The speed with which prohibited migrants are deported may not allow for thorough investigations and possible identification of trafficked persons and traffickers. Labour inspections are limited by resources to effectively overseeing businesses.
... .
70. With regard to the support services for victims of trafficking, Seychelles should:
(a) Make greater efforts to protect and assist all victims of trafficking, with full respect for their human rights. It should create and support adequately resourced programmes and institutions to provide short- and long-term assistance to victims of trafficking.
(b) Put in place a free 24 hour confidential hotline/helpline for reporting suspected cases of trafficking and exploitation of migrant workers. This should also be accessible to foreign victims of trafficking and serviced by multilingual staff who have received specialized training on trafficking in persons.
(c) Establish a comprehensive and non-discriminatory compensation scheme for victims of trafficking at the national level, including a common fund for victims of trafficking in the event of the insolvency of the perpetrators.
(d) Maintain close cooperation with the United Nations system, especially UNODC and IOM, for the identification and the safe return of trafficked victims to their country, having due regard to the need, if any, for international protection of victims.
....
73. With regard to the international, regional and bilateral frameworks, Seychelles should:
(a) Ratify without delay ILO Convention No. 189 (2011) concerning decent work for domestic workers and the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families and other relevant ILO Conventions against forced labour and exploitation.
(b) Strengthen partnerships with source countries in the region and cooperation, including through international, regional and bilateral agreements, in order to facilitate swift and coordinated responses, including through exchange of information, mutual legal assistance and safe returns.
(c) Recognize the need for a foreign workforce and develop safe migration pathways for semi-skilled and unskilled workers by entering into bilateral agreements with countries of origin and ensuring that unscrupulous recruitment agencies do not take undue advantage of migrant workers in search of a livelihood.
(d) The contribution of, and collaboration with civil society organizations, are crucial in the fight against human trafficking. In this regard, immediate steps should be taken to establish the necessary framework to enable civil society organizations to provide assistance, including shelter and counselling services to victims.
Sources
UN Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, "Report of the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children, Joy Ngozi Ezeilo: Addendum: Mission to Seychelles," UN Human Rights Council.
> UN Universal Periodic Review
Relevant Recommendations or Observations from the UN Universal Periodic Review
Recommendation Issued
No
Year Issued
2011
Sources
Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review* Seychelles, A/HRC/18/7, 11 July 2011, https://www.upr-info.org/sites/default/files/document/seychelles/session_11_-_may_2011/ahrc187seychellese.pdf
Recommendation Issued
No
Year Issued
2016
Sources
Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review* Seychelles, A/HRC/32/13, 8 April 2016, https://www.upr-info.org/sites/default/files/document/seychelles/session_24_-_january_2016/a-hrc-32-13-e.pdf
REGIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS MECHANISMS
Regional Legal Instruments
Year of Ratification (Treaty) / Transposed (Directive) / Adoption (Regulation)
Observation Date
HEALTH CARE PROVISION
HEALTH IMPACTS
COVID-19
Country Updates
The Seychelles, an archipelago of 115 islands off the coast of East Africa, reported its first case of COVID-19 in March 2020; as of 10 March 2021 the country has reported a total of 3,032 cases and 15 related deaths. Measures Seychelles adopted to curb the spread of the virus included suspension of air travel from 31 March 2020 and temporary extension of migrants’ permits.
In June 2020, at least 59 members of a Spanish fishing fleet--which arrived from Senegal and the Ivory Coast--tested positive for the virus. The country’s Public Health Commissioner confirmed that all those who tested positive were to be isolated in the fleet’s ships rather than onshore, as the fleet had its own doctor, PPE, and ability to monitor patients’ temperatures.
For many years, the Seychelles has relied upon foreign migrant workers. Between 2006 and 2016 the number of migrant workers increased from 4,160 to 15,074, and according to the UN Committee on Migrant Workers, migrants represented 25 percent of the country’s labour force in 2015. The majority of migrant workers are employed in the construction sector, followed by the tourism and manufacturing sectors. They are required to possess a Gainful Employment Permit (GOP). During the pandemic, expired work permits were extended to legalise the stay of non-Seychellois workers while borders were closed, with employers required to provide food and shelter during this period. However, in February 2021 authorities revised the country’s framework for the GOP in order to increase local workers’ access to the labour market. Amongst various changes to the framework was the cancellation of COVID-19 related concessions, including the extension of the GOP work permits.
Although Seychelles’ laws provide for immigration detention, the Global Detention Project has been unable to determine whether people in immigration procedures, including detention and deportation, have been vulnerable to COVID-19 or whether officials have taken steps to mitigate the spread of this disease amongst detainees or other vulnerable non-citizens.
In the past, there have been numerous reports of immigration detention and deportation, sometimes in apparent violation of the country's international legal commitments. For example, the UN Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, in its report about its 2014 visit to the Seychelles, said that "information received indicate that foreign women and girls identified as prohibited immigrants are reportedly detained and summarily deported directly from the airport by immigration officials on suspicion of prostitution. In most cases, there is no identification process or proper assessment as to whether they were trafficked or whether their return would be safe. It is further alleged that the police are not informed about such cases until after the potential victims have left the country. Such lack of coordination in the process of identification of potential victims between immigration and police officials is a further cause of concern." The Special Rapporteur further noted, "The absence of shelters and psycho-social supports for victims of gender-based violence, including trafficking, perpetuates their victimization. There are no holding facilities for irregular migrants, who are currently and inappropriately kept in police cells. The speed with which prohibited migrants are deported may not allow for thorough investigations and possible identification of trafficked persons and traffickers. Labour inspections are limited by resources to effectively overseeing businesses."
According to Articles 22 and 23 of the Immigration Decree, immigration officers may detain persons who they suspect are “prohibited immigrants.” Article 19 provides various grounds for identifying a non-Seychellois as a “prohibited immigrant,” including: persons infected or inflicted with, or who are carriers of, a prescribed disease and who are capable of infecting others; any person whose permit under the Decree has expired or been revoked; any person who has concealed any information from an immigration officer which is relevant to their entry into, or stay in, the Seychelles; and any person who “in the opinion of the Director of Immigration is not of good character.” Article 27 also provides that any person who unlawfully enters the country will face a fine and three years’ imprisonment.
Detainees can be placed in specialised immigration detention facilities, prisons, or “any other place where facilities exist for the detention of persons” (Article 24 (2)). In 2016, only two years after the UN Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons noted the lack of "holding facilities for irregular migrants," the country opened a dedicated immigration detention facility at Seychelles International Airport, with capacity for five persons. According to a Seychelles Civil Aviation Authority (SCAA) press release, the opening of this facility was prompted by an increase in the number of arrivals declared as prohibited immigrants.
In 2018, a local NGO--the Association for Rights Information and Democracy (ARID)--reported that it had recorded numerous cases of rights abuses against migrant workers in the country, including deplorable living conditions and delays in the payment of wages. The NGO called on the country’s employment department to monitor conditions and ensure that foreign workers are not subject to inhumane treatment. In its 2019 human rights report, the U.S. State Department noted that it had received credible reports of forced labour in the fishing, agriculture, and construction workers.
There appears to be limited publicly available information concerning COVID measures or outbreaks in prisons in the Seychelles. However, the Seychelles Prison Service does refer to special measures taken to protect staff and detainees, which appear to include setting up sanitising stations at the entrance to the country’s main prison (Montagne Posee), and temporarily suspending visits. UNDP reportedly also provided funding via its Prevention, Response and Early Recovery Project (PREP) to support high risk groups, including prisoners.
In early March 2021, President Wavel Ramkalawan announced that he expected 70 percent of the country’s 100,000 population to be vaccinated by mid March and that as such, the country’s borders could re-open on 25 March.
Government Agencies
Ministry of foreign affairs - https://mfa.gov.sc/
Ministry of Internal Affairs - https://mia.gov.sc/
Immigration and Civil Status - https://www.ics.gov.sc/
International Organisations
UNHCR - https://www.unhcr.org/
IOM -https://www.iom.int/countries/seychelles
NGO & Research Institutions
Caritas - https://www.caritas.org/where-caritas-work/africa/seychelles/
Elles Foundation - https://www.ellesfoundation.com/
