Sudan

Not Available

Immigration detainees

2022

No Data

Detained children

0

New asylum applications

2021

0

Refugees

2021

0

International migrants

2021

Overview

(February 2021) Sudan, which has an estimated population of some two million internally displaced people (IDPs), is both a country of origin and a host country for large numbers of migrants and refugees. The Darfur genocide, successive civil wars, and ongoing conflicts in neighoiring South Sudan and Ethiopia (Tigray region), have resulted in an extremely complex humanitarian situation in the country. There have been numerous reports of overcrowded refugee and IDP camps and lack of basic services, while data on immigration detention and conditions in prisons is extremely limited. There has been a growing controversy surrounding EU-funded border controls and police activities aimed at curbing migration flows across the country, in particular due to claims that these programmes have funded armed rebel groups.

Types of facilities used for migration-related detention
Administrative Ad Hoc Criminal Unknown

20 November 2020 – Sudan

Since early November, more than 27,000 Ethiopian refugees have fled the Tigray region and crossed into Sudan. According to UNHCR, on just one day–15 November–some 5,000 refugees arrived in Sudan’s border provinces of Kassala and al-Qadarif. Information campaigns are reported to have been initiated to ensure that refugees crossing into Sudan understand how to avoid […]

Read More…

UNHCR, “Aid Urgently Needed for Ethiopians Streaming Into Sudan,” 17 November 2020, https://www.unhcr.org/uk/news/latest/2020/11/5fb3cb3e4/aid-urgently-needed-ethiopians-streaming-sudan.html
Last updated: March 2021

Submission to the Universal Periodic Review

39th Session of the UPR Working Group, October/November 2021

Issues Related to Immigration Enforcement

 

1. INTRODUCTION

This submission has been prepared by the Global Detention Project (GDP) for the third cycle of the Universal Periodic Review (UPR) of Sudan in November 2021.

This submission focuses on human rights concerns relating to Sudan’s immigration enforcement policies.

 

2. CONTEXT

Sudan is both a country of origin and a host country for migrants and refugees. It also has a very large population of internally displaced people (IDPs), who number more than 2.5 million. According to UNHCR, as of 31 January 2021, there were 1,074,527 refugees and asylum seekers in the country—30 percent settled in camps, and 70 per cent out of camps—the majority of whom are from South Sudan.[i]

The outbreak of conflict in conflict in Ethiopia’s Tigray region in November 2020 has severely aggravated the humanitarian situation in Sudan as tens of thousands of Ethiopian refugees have fled the region and crossed into Sudan.[ii] According to UNHCR, in just one day in November 2020, some 5,000 refugees arrived at the country’s border provinces of Kassala and al-Qadarif.[iii] According to the Mixed Migration Centre (MMC), “Over 56,000 Ethiopian refugees have crossed into Sudan between November 2020 and January 2021.”[iv] UNHCR’s Principal Emergency Coordinator in Sudan, commented: “It’s located in such a remote area and it has been challenging to upgrade facilities to minimum standards.” According to the MMC, “While efforts have been made to move refugees away from the border to camps further into Sudan, UNHCR reports many refugees prefer to remain near the border crossings to wait for family members still in Ethiopia, or to be able to return home soon.”[v]  

With growing numbers of arrivals, shelters and reception capacity are under increasing pressure and authorities are facing a rush to identify and provide more sites. A transit centre in Hamdayet, which has capacity for 300 people, was reported in November 2020 to be hosting 12,000.[vi] In addition, several thousand people have been placed in the Um Rakouba (Um Raquba) refugee camp, but authorities are struggling to provide sufficient services.[vii] The MMC reports that “there have been concerns over the spread of the COVID-19 virus, with the border transit camps lacking sufficient WASH structures (WHH) and capacity for testing and adequate protection equipment (UNHCR). To ease the pressure on these transit camps, relocations were carried out at the end of 2020 and early 2021 to Umraquba and Tunaydbah refugee camps, located further inland Sudan. Both are camps first setup in the 1980s to host Ethiopian refugees then driven out of the country by famine. The camps are expected to host around 20,000 Ethiopian refugees.”[viii]

Sudan maintains a reservation on Article 26 of the UN Refugee Convention (Article 26 provides for refugees’ freedom of movement and the ability to choose their place of residence) and requires refugees to stay in designated camps. However, 76 per cent of South Sudanese refugees live in the local community in urban and rural areas. Refugees that leave camps without permission are subject to fines and are returned to the camps, while those apprehended in urban areas face arrest and detention if they lack valid identification cards. The U.S. State Department estimates that each month, 150 to 200 refugees and asylum seekers are detained in Khartoum.[ix]

According to Article 31(3) of Sudan’s Asylum Regulation Act of 2014[x] “a refugee shall be deemed to have committed a contravention, and shall be punished, with such fine, as may be specified by the court (…) where he: (a) departs from such place, as may have been specified, for his residence, without permission; (b) does not hold a valid asylum card.” Moreover, Article 29 of the same Act specifies that “no penalties, by reason of the unlawful entry, or presence, shall be inflicted on asylum seekers, who directly have come from such territories, as therein their life, or freedom is in danger, and who enter, or are present on Sudanese lands; on condition that they shall present themselves, within one month, to the nearest Commission office, of government authority, and have good cause for their unlawful entry or presence.”      

In a joint submission to the 2nd cycle of the Universal Periodic Review of Sudan, a group of civil society organisations highlighted that while the Act strengthened legal protection for refugees and individuals in need of international protection, law enforcement and judicial authorities did not consistently apply the new provisions.[xi] UNHCR has expressed concern about forced returns and refoulement cases in Sudan, including incident where Eritreans have been sent back through the Laffa border crossing point after having been convicted on charges of illegal entry. The asylum seekers were not given access to asylum procedures and their deportations amounted to refoulement, thus constituting serious violations of the 1951 Refugee Convention and the Sudanese Asylum Regulation Act.[xii]

Reports in the past have indicated that the country uses prisons for the detention of non-nationals for migration-related reasons, as well as ad hoc immigration detention facilities. For example, in September 2017, local media reported that 36 Eritrean refugees had served two-month prison sentences for “illegal infiltration into the Sudanese territory,” prior to their deportation.[xiii] The U.S. State Department, UNHCR, and media outlets have also referred to immigration detention facilities, including an “Aliens Detention Centre” in Khartoum. The GDP has not been able to identify the exact locations of these facilities or verify if they remain in use.[xiv]

In 2016, German media (Spiegel and Report Mainz) obtained documents that showed that EU efforts to curb migration in the country focused on policing the border with Eritrea, and included plans to establish two camps with detention rooms in Gadaraf and Kassala.[xv] Although the German Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development reported that these plans were binding, the SOAS Centre for Human Rights Law later reported that the plans had been dropped following widespread criticism.[xvi] To-date, the GDP has been unable to independently verify the status of these plans.

Observers have expressed concerns that EU funds provided to Sudan for migration-management purposes (including as part of the Emergency Trust Fund for Africa and other projects supporting the EU-Africa Khartoum Process) have been used in activities involving severe human rights violations. In 2016, these concerns became acute in the wake of reports that the RSF paramilitary force (Rapid Support Force, an outgrowth of the notorious Janjaweed militia), which had been hired to curb migration using EU funds, had been involved in the arrest and deportation of hundreds of Eritrean refugees and asylum seekers, including along the border with Libya to implement migration-control activities developed in the scope of the Khartoum Process. In March 2019, funding for the EU’s “Better Migration Management” project in Sudan—which supported the training of border control forces and policies—was suspended amid fears that the funds were being used to fund the security forces, including the RSF, responsible for violently suppressing peaceful protests. However, as of July 2020, the programme appeared to have resumed.[xviii]

Prison conditions also remain an issue of concern and the U.S. State Department has described them as “harsh and life threatening, overcrowding was a major problem.”[xix] The COVID-19 pandemic has exasperated these concerns. The African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies and the World Organisation Against Torture (OMCT) stated that “detainees are also forced to live in inhumane conditions, including rudimentary infrastructures, overcrowded cells, insufficient ventilation, no proper nutrition or hygiene. These conditions have particularly been highlighted in the pandemic context which has exacerbated the vulnerability of inmates.”[xx] In April, the International Committee of the Red Cross installed 83 hand washing stations in around 10 prisons, distributed 10,700 soap bars to detainees, and also provided gloves and masks to 11 detention facilities.[xxi] 

 

3. RECOMMENDATIONS DURING THE 2ND CYCLE OF UPR

During the 2nd cycle of the Universal Periodic Review (UPR) of Sudan (33rd session, April/May 2016) Sudan agreed to examine several recommendations relevant to its immigration and refugee laws and policies.[xxii] These included:

●      Ratify the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (Italy, Honduras, Guatemala, Vietnam, Uruguay, Congo, France, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Georgia, Lebanon, Togo, South Africa, Sierra Leone, Denmark, Poland, El Salvador) (para. 138.7).

●      Ratify the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (Philippines, Ghana) (para. 138.11).

●      Expedite adoption of a Constitution and adopt of measures to ensure that all national laws are in conformity with international human rights law (Botswana) (para. 138.15).

●      Re-examine laws that restrict political freedom and freedom of expression, and lead to arbitrary arrests, detention, executions and torture, as part of wider effort to strengthen the rule of law (Japan) (para. 138.22).

●      Ensure safety of refugees and asylum seekers by also seeking international assistance (Nigeria) (para. 138.126).

 

4. RECOMMENDATIONS FROM OTHER HUMAN RIGHTS BODIES

In 2019, the UN Human Rights Committee recommended that “the State party should take the steps necessary to protect the rights of asylum seekers and refugees under the Covenant and other international standards, including by ensuring that all persons seeking asylum have the right to apply for asylum, to an individualised assessment of their asylum claims, to appeal and to effective protection against non-refoulement. It should refrain from conducting, under any circumstances, collective expulsions of migrants and asylum seekers.”[xxiii]

In its concluding observations of 2010, the Committee on the Rights of the Child recommended that Sudan “amend the Asylum Act in accordance with international refugee law and include specific refugee status determination procedures and measures to address the specific needs of asylum-seeking children. The State party should ensure, particularly, that the principle of non-refoulement is respected in all decisions with respect to asylum-seeking children. The Committee encourages the State party to seek technical assistance from UNHCR in this regard.”[xxiv] The Committee also recommended that the State party “(c) Consider ratifying the 1954 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons and the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness.”[xxv]

 

5. RECOMMENDATIONS

Since the second cycle of the UPR (33rd session, April/May 2016), Sudan has yet to ratify the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment or to ratify the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families. There are on-going concerns about the treatment of refugees and asylum seekers. There have been cases where asylum seekers were not given access to asylum procedures and have been deported back to their countries of origin without appropriate consideration. There are on-going concerns about how EU funding for migration-management projects may be diverted into activities that violate the rights of refugees. There is very little publicly available information concerning where refugees may be held when they are taken into custody, the status of various detention centre projects that had been slated for funding by the EU, or the extent to which migrants and refugees are detained.

With the outbreak of conflict in neighbouring Tigray region in Ethiopia, all of the above-mentioned concerns take on new urgency.

We call on the Sudanese Government to:

●      Ensure that EU development and migration management funds—such as the EU Emergency Trust Fund for Africa and the EU Better Migration Management—are not used to finance the activities of police, security, or militia forces involved in human rights abuses.

●      Ensure the application of the Asylum Regulations Act 2014, including providing access to asylum procedures.

●      Retract reservation to Article 26 of the UN Refugee Convention and ensure refugees’ freedom of movement and the ability to choose their place of residence.

●      Ratify the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.

●      Ratify the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families.

●      Provide information on where – and in what conditions – refugees and migrants are detained for reasons related to their nationality, or asylum, refugee or residence status.

●      Disclose data on the number of migrants, refugees, and asylum seekers who are detained.

●      Disclose information clarifying measures being taken to protect immigration detainees during the pandemic.

●      Ensure observance of the principle of non-refoulement.

●      Release detainees whose detention is unlawful or unnecessary, including anyone whose deportation is not possible amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.

●      Avoid deportation measures during the COVID-19 pandemic.

●      Ensure that sites used to accommodate refugees, asylum seekers, migrants, and stateless persons are adequately equipped with sanitation supplies and have implemented other measures to prevent spread of COVID-19.

 

 

 


[i] UNHCR, “Operational Portal, Refugee Situations: Sudan,” accessed on 2 March 2021, https://data2.unhcr.org/en/country/sdn

[ii] UNHCR, “Aid Urgently Needed for Ethiopians Streaming Into Sudan,” 17 November 2020, https://www.unhcr.org/uk/news/latest/2020/11/5fb3cb3e4/aid-urgently-needed-ethiopians-streaming-sudan.html

[iii] S. Magdy, “UN: Over 25,300 Fleeing Ethiopia Have Reached Sudan,” AP News, 16 November 2020, https://apnews.com/article/sudan-abiy-ahmed-africa-ethiopia-united-nations-0a37839e6b61e523fcaf9345a1a48583

[iv] Mixed Migration Network, “Quarterly Mixed Migration Update: North Africa,” Quarter 4 2020, https://mixedmigration.org

[v] Mixed Migration Network, “Quarterly Mixed Migration Update: North Africa,” Quarter 4 2020, https://mixedmigration.org

[vi] UNHCR, “Aid Urgently Needed for Ethiopians Streaming Into Sudan,” 17 November 2020,  https://www.unhcr.org/uk/news/latest/2020/11/5fb3cb3e4/aid-urgently-needed-ethiopians-streaming-sudan.html

[vii] S. Magdy, “UN: Over 25,300 Fleeing Ethiopia Have Reached Sudan,” AP News, https://apnews.com/article/sudan-abiy-ahmed-africa-ethiopia-united-nations-0a37839e6b61e523fcaf9345a1a48583

[viii] Mixed Migration Network, “Quarterly Mixed Migration Update: North Africa,” Quarter 4 2020, https://mixedmigration.org

[ix] U.S. Department of State, “2019 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Sudan,” 2020, https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/sudan/ 

[x] Asylum Regulation Act 2014, https://www.refworld.org/docid/542bad9c4.html

[xi] African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies (ACJPS), International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH), and International Refugee Rights Initiative (IRRI), “Submission to the Universal Periodic Review of Sudan 2016,” September 2015, https://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/UPR/Pages/UPRSDStakeholdersInfoS25.aspx

[xii] UNHCR, “UNHCR Concerned Over Forced Returns of Refugee and Asylum-Seekers from Sudan,” 4 July 2014, https://www.unhcr.org/53b69a4f9.html

[xiii] Dabanga Sudan, “Sudan Deports Another 36 Eritrean Migrants,” 20 September 2017, www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudan-deports-another-36-eritrean-migrants

[xiv] K. Siegfried, “Sudan and Eritrea Crackdown on Migrants Amid Reports of EU Incentives,” The New Humanitarian, 25 May 2016, https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/fr/node/256247

[xv] Spiegel, “EU to Work with African Despot to Keep Refugees Out,” 13 May 2016, www.spiegel.de/international/world/eu-to-work-with-despot-in-sudan-to-keep-refugees-out-a-1092328.html

[xvi] SOAS Centre for Human Rights Law, “Written Evidence Submitted by the Centre for Human Rights Law to the UK All Party Parliamentary Group on Sudan and South Sudan Inquiry: UK-Sudan Relations – Consequences of Engagement,” August 2016, www.soas.ac.uk/human-rights-law/reports-research-projects-and-submissions/file114315.pdf

[xviii] T. Wills, “EU Suspends Migration Control Projects in Sudan Amid Repression Fears,”DW, 22 June 2019, www.dw.com/en/eu-suspends-migration-control-projects-in-sudan-amid-repression-fears/a-49701408; European Union, “The EU Emergency Trust Fund for Africa (EUTF) in Sudan: Key Facts and Figures,” July 2020, www.ec.europa.eu/trustfundforafrica/sites/euetfa/files/sudan_factsheet_july_0.pdf

[xix] K. Siegfried, “Sudan and Eritrea Crackdown on Migrants Amid Reports of EU Incentives,” The New Humanitarian, 25 May 2016, https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/fr/node/256247

[xx] ACJPS and OMCT, “Post COVID-19 Era in Sudan: The Urgency to Unravel the Torture and Inhuman Treatments System One Year After the Transition,” July 2020, https://www.omct.org/files/2020/07/25966/briefing_paper_on_torture_in_sudan.pdf

[xxi] ICRC, “Sudan: Helping Prison Authorities Keep COVID-19 at Bay,” 27 April 2020, https://www.icrc.org/en/document/sudan-helping-prison-authorities-prevent-covid-19-spread

[xxii] UN Human Rights Council, “Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review: Sudan,” A/HRC/33/8, 11 July 2016, https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G16/149/10/PDF/G1614910.pdf?OpenElement

[xxiii] UN Human Rights Committee, “Concluding Observations on the Fifth Periodic Report of the Sudan,” CCPR/C/SDN/CO/5, 19 November 2018, https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CCPR%2fC%2fSDN%2fCO%2f5&Lang=en

[xxiv] Committee on the Rights of the Child, “Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties under Article 44 of the Convention: Concluding Observations: Sudan,” CRC/C/SDN/CO/3-4, 22 October 2010, para. 69, https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fSDN%2fCO%2f3-4&Lang=en

[xxv] Committee on the Rights of the Child, “Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties under Article 44 of the Convention: Concluding Observations: Sudan,” CRC/C/SDN/CO/3-4, 22 October 2010, para. 71, https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2fC%2fSDN%2fCO%2f3-4&Lang=en

DETENTION STATISTICS

Total Migration Detainee Entries: Flow (year)
Not Available
2021
Alternative Total Migration Detainee Entries: Flow (year)
Not Available
2021
Total Migration Detainees: Flow + Stock (year)
Not Available
2022
Alternative Total Migration Detainees: Flow + Stock (year)
Not Available
2021
Reported Population (Day)
Not Available
2021
Average Daily Population (year)
Not Available
2021
Immigration Detainees as Percentage of Total Migrant population (Year)
Not Available
2021

DETAINEE DATA

Number of Asylum Seekers Placed in Immigration Detention (Year)
0
2021
Number of Women Placed in Immigration Detention (year)
0
2021
Total Number of Children Placed in Immigration Detention (Year)
0
2021
0
2017
Number of Unaccompanied Children Placed in Immigration Detention (Year)
0
2021
Number of Accompanied Children Placed in Immigration Detention (Year)
0
2021
Number of Stateless Persons Placed in Immigration Detention (Year)
0
2021
Number of Deaths in Immigration Custody (year)
0
2021
Number of Suicide Attempts in Immigration Custody (year)
0
2021

DETENTION CAPACITY

Total Immigration Detention Capacity
0
2021
Immigration Detention Capacity (Specialised Immigration Facilities Only)
0
2021

ALTERNATIVES TO DETENTION

Number of Detainees Referred to ATDs (Year)
0
2021
Official ATD Absconder Rate (Percentage)(Year)
0
2021
Number of People in ATDs on Given Day
0
2021

ADDITIONAL ENFORCEMENT DATA

Percentage of Detainees Released (year)
0
2021
Percentage of Detainees Deported (year)
0
2021
Number of Deportations/Forced Removals (Year)
0
2021
Number of Voluntary Returns & Deportations (Year)
0
2021
Percentage of Removals v. Total Removal Orders (Year)
2021
Number of People Refused Entry (Year)
0
2021
Number of Apprehensions of Non-Citizens (Year)
0
2021

PRISON DATA

Criminal Prison Population (Year)
19,101
2013
20,000
2011
19,144
2009
12,809
2002
12,933
1997
9,670
1992
Percentage of Foreign Prisoners (Year)
1
2003
Prison Population Rate (per 100,000 of National Population)
50
2013
56
2011
45
2009
39
2002
46
1997
35
1992

POPULATION DATA

Population (Year)
43,800,000
2020
40,235,000
2015
International Migrants (Year)
1,223,092
2019
503,500
2015
International Migrants as Percentage of Population (Year)
1.3
2015
Refugees (Year)
1,055,489
2019
1,078,287
2018
906,599
2017
421,454
2016
309,639
2015
356,191
2015
277,833
2014
Ratio of Refugees Per 1000 Inhabitants (Year)
10.24
2016
New Asylum Applications (Year)
7,086
2019
8,535
2016
9,979
2014
Refugee Recognition Rate (Year)
100
2014
Stateless Persons (Year)
0
2016
0
2015

SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA & POLLS

Gross Domestic Product per Capita (in USD)
1,875
2014
Remittances to the Country
432
2014
Unemployment Rate
2014
Net Official Development Assistance (ODA) (in Millions USD)
871.9
2014
Human Development Index Ranking (UNDP)
167 (Low)
2015

MIGRATION-RELATED DETENTION

Does the Country Detain People for Migration, Asylum, or Citizenship Reasons?
Yes
2020
Does the Country Have Specific Laws that Provide for Migration-Related Detention?
Yes
2020

GOVERNANCE SYSTEM

Legal Tradition(s)
Muslim law
2017
Common law
2017

LEGAL & REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

Detention-Related Legislation
Asylum Regulation Act of 2014 (2014)
2014
Sudanese Passport and Immigration Act of 2015 (1994) 2015
1994
Additional Legislation
Combatting of Human Trafficking Act of 2014 (2014)
2014

GROUNDS FOR MIGRATION-RELATED DETENTION

Immigration-Status-Related Grounds
Detention for unauthorised entry or stay
2020
Criminal Penalties for Immigration-Related Violations
Yes (Yes)
2020
Grounds for Criminal Immigration-Related Incarceration / Maximum Length of Incarceration
Unauthorized entry (730)
2020
Has the Country Decriminalised Immigration-Related Violations?
No
2020
Summary Removal/Pushbacks
In Law: Yes
In Practice: Unknown
2020

LENGTH OF MIGRATION-RELATED DETENTION

MIGRATION-RELATED DETENTION INSTITUTIONS

Apprehending Authorities
The Rapid Support Forces (Military) Ministry of Immigration and/or Citizenship
2020

PROCEDURAL STANDARDS & SAFEGUARDS

DETENTION MONITORS

Types of Authorised Detention Monitoring Institutions
Head of Judiciary (Judiciary organs)
2020
Public Prosecutor (Judiciary organs)
2020

> National human rights monitoring bodies

> National Preventive Mechanisms (Optional Protocol to UN Convetion against Torture)

> Non-governmental organisations (NGOs)

> Governmental monitoring bodies

> International detention monitoring

TRANSPARENCY

READMISSION/RETURN/EXTRADITION AGREEMENTS

COVID-19

HEALTH CARE

COVID-19 DATA

Has the country released immigration detainees as a result of the pandemic?
Unknown
2022

Has the country used legal "alternatives to detention" as part of pandemic detention releases?
Unknown
2022

Has the country Temporarily Ceased or Restricted Issuing Detention Orders?
Unknown
2022

Has the Country Adopted These Pandemic-Related Measures for People in Immigration Detention?
COVID-19 Testing: UnknownVaccinations: UnknownProvision of Masks: UnknownProvision of Hygiene Supplies: UnknownSuspension of Visits: Unknown
2022

Has the Country Locked-Down Previously "Open" Reception Facilities, Shelters, Refugee Camps, or Other Forms of Accommodation for Migrant Workers or Other Non-Citizens?
Unknown
2022

Have cases of COVID-19 been reported in immigration detention facilities or any other places used for immigration detention purposes?
Unknown
2022

Has the Country Ceased or Restricted Deportations/Removals During any Period After the Onset of the Pandemic?
Unknown
2022

Has the Country Released People from Criminal Prisons During the Pandemic?
Yes
2020

Have Officials Blamed Migrants, Asylum Seekers, or Refugees for the Spread of COVID-19?
Unknown
2022

Has the Country Restricted Access to Asylum Procedures?
Unknown
2022

Has the Country Commenced a National Vaccination Campaign?
Yes
2021

Have Populations of Concern Been Included/Excluded From the National Vaccination Campaign?
People in Immigration Custody (including legal in "alternatives to detention" or at open reception centres): UnknownRefugees: IncludedUndocumented Migrants: UnknownAsylum Seekers: IncludedStateless People: Unknown
2022

INTERNATIONAL TREATIES

International Treaties Ratified
Ratification Year
Observation Date
VCCR, Vienna Convention on Consular Relations
1995
2017
ICERD, International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
1977
2017
ICESCR, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
1986
2017
ICCPR, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
1986
2017
CRC, Convention on the Rights of the Child
1990
2017
CRPD, Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
2009
2017
CRSR, Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
1974
2017
CTOCTP, Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children
2014
2017
Ratio of relevant international treaties ratified
Ratio: 8/19
Individual Complaints Procedures
Acceptance Year
CRPD, Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities 2009
2009
Ratio of Complaints Procedures Accepted
Observation Date
1/5
2017
Relevant Recommendations Issued by Treaty Bodies
Recommendation Year
Observation Date
Committee on the Rights of the Child § 71. "...ensure, through measures including legislation, that refugee and asylum-seeking children are afforded effective protection from all forms of abuse, neglect and exploitation as well as access to education, health care and other essential services; r) provide support to facilitate the integration of refugee and asylum-seeking children into Sudanese society; and r) consider ratifying the 1954 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons and the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness" 2010
2010

NON-TREATY-BASED INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS MECHANISMS

Relevant Recommendations from the UN Universal Periodic Review
Observation Date
No 2011
2017
No 2016
2017

REGIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS MECHANISMS

Regional Legal Instruments
Year of Ratification (Treaty) / Transposed (Directive) / Adoption (Regulation)
Observation Date
ACHPR, African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights 1986
1986
2017

DETENTION COSTS

OUTSOURCING

FOREIGN SOURCES OF FUNDING FOR DETENTION OPERATIONS