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Stranded in Aegean Limbo: September 2019 Newsletter

October 2019

Albania Immigration Detention

Quick Facts

International migrants (2017): 52,000
New asylum applications (2016): 2,161

Centres List

No detention centres data available

Statistics Expand all

A. Detention, expulsion, and incarceration statistics

5,564

Criminal prison population

2017

Criminal prison population

Number	Observation Date
5,564	2017
International Centre for Prison Studies (ICPS). Undated website. "World Prison Brief." http://www.prisonstudies.org/world-prison-brief
5,201	2013
International Centre for Prison Studies (ICPS). Undated website. "World Prison Brief." http://www.prisonstudies.org/world-prison-brief

1.4

Percentage of foreign prisoners

2017

Percentage of foreign prisoners

Percentage	Observation Date
1.4	2017
International Centre for Prison Studies (ICPS). Undated website. "World Prison Brief." http://www.prisonstudies.org/world-prison-brief
1.5	2012
International Centre for Prison Studies (ICPS). Undated website. "World Prison Brief." http://www.prisonstudies.org/world-prison-brief

193

Prison population rate (per 100,000 of national population)

2017

Prison population rate (per 100,000 of national population)

Number	Observation Date
193	2017
International Centre for Prison Studies (ICPS). Undated website. "World Prison Brief." http://www.prisonstudies.org/world-prison-brief
181	2013
International Centre for Prison Studies (ICPS). Undated website. "World Prison Brief." http://www.prisonstudies.org/world-prison-brief

B. Demographics and immigration-related statistics

2,873,460

Population

2017

Population

Number	Observation Date
2,873,460	2017
The World Bank. 2018. "Population, Total." Data. Accessed 8 November 2018, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL
2,897,000	2015
United Nations Population Fund. State of World Population 2015, http://www.unfpa.org/fr/world-population-dashboard

52,000

International migrants

2017

International migrants

Number	Observation Date
52,000	2017
United Nations, International Migration Report, 2017, http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/publications/migrationreport/docs/MigrationReport2017_Highlights.pdf ×
57,600	2015
International Migration, 2015, Wall Chart, UN Population, http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/migration/migration-wallchart-2015.shtml

1.8

International migrants as a percentage of the population

2017

International migrants as a percentage of the population

Percentage	Observation Date
1.8	2017
United Nations, International Migration Report, 2017, http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/publications/migrationreport/docs/MigrationReport2017_Highlights.pdf ×
2	2015
International Migration, 2015, Wall Chart, UN Population, http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/migration/migration-wallchart-2015.shtml

119

Refugees

2017

Refugees

Number	Observation Date
119	2017
UNHCR Population Statistics Overview, http://popstats.unhcr.org/en/overview
111	2016
UNHCR Population Statistics http://popstats.unhcr.org/en/persons_of_concern
104	2015
UNHCR Population Statistics http://popstats.unhcr.org/en/persons_of_concern
104	2014
UNHCR Population Statistics http://popstats.unhcr.org/en/persons_of_concern

0.04

Ratio of refugees per 1000 inhabitants

2014

Ratio of refugees per 1000 inhabitants

Number	Observation Date
0.04	2014
Statistical Yearbook 2014, Table 10 and 26, Asylum applications and refugee status determination by country/territory of asylum and level in the procedure, 2014. http://www.unhcr.org/54cf9bc29.html

2,161

Total number of new asylum applications

2016

Total number of new asylum applications

Number	Observation Date
2,161	2016
UNHCR Population Statistics http://popstats.unhcr.org/en/persons_of_concern
427	2014
Statistical Yearbook 2014, Table 10 and 26, Asylum applications and refugee status determination by country/territory of asylum and level in the procedure, 2014. http://www.unhcr.org/54cf9bc29.html

4,921

Stateless persons

2016

Stateless persons

Number	Observation Date
4,921	2016
UNHCR Population Statistics http://popstats.unhcr.org/en/persons_of_concern
7,443	2015
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Country information: Statistical snapshot. http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home

Domestic Law Expand all

A. LEGAL TRADITION

Legal tradition Show sources

Name	Observation Date
Civil law	2017
World Legal Systems. University of Ottawa. http://www.juriglobe.ca/

B. LAWS AND REGULATIONS

Core pieces of national legislation

Name	Year Adopted	Last Year Amended
Law on Asylum in the Republic of Albania. Law No. 8432. 1998.	1998

C. GROUNDS FOR ADMINISTRATIVE IMMIGRATION-RELATED DETENTION

D. CRIMINALIZATION OF IMMIGRATION-RELATED OFFENCES

E. LENGTH OF DETENTION

F. PROCEDURAL STANDARDS

G. NON-CUSTODIAL MEASURES (ALTERNATIVES TO DETENTION)

H. VULNERABLE PERSONS

Is the detention of vulnerable persons provided in law? Are they detained in practice? Show sources

Name	In Law	In Practice	Observation Date
Asylum seekers	Provided	Yes	2015
Law on Asylum in the Republic of Albania. Article 16. Detention of Asylum Seekers. http://www.legislationline.org/documents/action/popup/id/6669
Unaccompanied minors	Provided		2015
Law on Asylum in the Republic of Albania. Article 16. Detention of Asylum Seekers. http://www.legislationline.org/documents/action/popup/id/6669

I. MANDATORY DETENTION

J. EXPEDITED REMOVAL AND RE-ENTRY BAN

International Law Expand all

1. Relevant international treaties and date of ratification

International treaties Show sources

Name	Ratification Year
OP CRC Communications Procedure	2013
United Nations Treaty Collections, "11. d Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure," April 03, 2018, https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-d&chapter=4&clang=_en
CRPD, Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities	2013
UN Treaty Collection
ICRMW, International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families	2007
UN Treaty Collection
ICPED, International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance	2007
UN Treaty Collection
OPCAT, Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment	2003
UN Treaty Collection
CRSSP, Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons	2003
UN Treaty Collection
CTOCTP, Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children	2002
UN Treaty Collection
CTOCSP, Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime	2002
UN Treaty Collection
ICERD, International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination	1994
UN Treaty Collection
CEDAW, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women	1994
UN Treaty Collection
CAT, Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment	1994
UN Treaty Collection
CRC, Convention on the Rights of the Child	1992
UN Treaty Collection
CRSR, Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees	1992
UN Treaty Collection
PCRSR, Protocol to the Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees	1992
UN Treaty Collection
ICCPR, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights	1991
UN Treaty Collection
ICESCR, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights	1991
VCCR, Vienna Convention on Consular Relations	1991
UN Treaty Collection

Ratio of relevant international treaties ratified

17/19

Individual complaints procedure Show sources

Name	Acceptance Year
ICCPR, First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966	2007
UN Treaty Collection
CEDAW, Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, 1999	2003
UN Treaty Collection
ICPED, International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, declaration under article 31	2007
UN Treaty Collection
CRC, [Third] Optional Protocol to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child establishing a communications procedure, 2011	2013
UN Treaty Collection

Ratio of complaints procedures accepted Show sources

Number	Observation Date
4/9	2017
UN Treaty Collection

Relevant recommendations issued by treaty bodies Show sources

Name	Recommendation Excerpt	Recommendation Year
Human Rights Committee	13. The Committee is concerned that the automatic detention until deportation of all persons entering the country irregularly, including minors, and the lack of adequate information and referral of asylum seekers among such persons to the asylum procedure, exposes persons in need of international protection to a high risk of refoulement. The Committee is also concerned at the poor living conditions in transit reception facilities for asylum seekers and refugees (arts. 6, 7, 9 and 10). The State party should ensure proper implementation of pre-screening procedures at the border and inside the country in order to ensure that persons in need of international protection are identified and referred to the asylum procedure, regardless of whether or not they entered the country in an irregular manner. It should refrain from detaining asylum seekers on the basis of the manner of entry into the country. It should improve living conditions in transit reception facilities.	2013
UN Human Rights Committee. 2013. "Concluding observations on the second periodic report of Albania." 22 August 2013.

2. Regional treaties, regulations, and directives

Regional legal instruments Show sources

Name	Year of Ratification (Treaty) / Transposed (Directive) / Adoption (Regulation)
CATHB, Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings	2007
COE Treaty Office
CPCSE, Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse	2009
COE Treaty Office
ECHRP7, Protocol 7 to the European Convention on Human Rights (amended by protocol 11)	1996
COE Treaty Office
ECHRP12, Protocol 12 to the European Convention on Human Rights	2004
COE Treaty Office
ECPT, European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment of Punishment	1996
COE Treaty Office
ECHR, Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (commonly known as the European Convention on Human Rights	1996
COE Treaty Office
ECHRP1, Protocol 1 to the European Convention on Human Rights (amended by protocol 11)	1996
COE Treaty Office

3. Bilateral/Multilateral agreements linked to readmissions

Bilateral/multilateral agreements linked to readmission Show sources

Name	Year in Force	Observation Date
Austria	2007	2017
Jean-Pierre Cassarino, "Inventory of the bilateral agreements linked to readmission," http://www.jeanpierrecassarino.com/datasets/ra/
Germany	2003	2017
Jean-Pierre Cassarino, "Inventory of the bilateral agreements linked to readmission," http://www.jeanpierrecassarino.com/datasets/ra/
Belgium	2008	2017
Jean-Pierre Cassarino, "Inventory of the bilateral agreements linked to readmission," http://www.jeanpierrecassarino.com/datasets/ra/
Bulgaria	2003	2017
Jean-Pierre Cassarino, "Inventory of the bilateral agreements linked to readmission," http://www.jeanpierrecassarino.com/datasets/ra/
Denmark	2008	2017
Jean-Pierre Cassarino, "Inventory of the bilateral agreements linked to readmission," http://www.jeanpierrecassarino.com/datasets/ra/
Greece	1995	2017
Jean-Pierre Cassarino, "Inventory of the bilateral agreements linked to readmission," http://www.jeanpierrecassarino.com/datasets/ra/
Italy	2008	2017
Jean-Pierre Cassarino, "Inventory of the bilateral agreements linked to readmission," http://www.jeanpierrecassarino.com/datasets/ra/
Hungary	2010	2017
Jean-Pierre Cassarino, "Inventory of the bilateral agreements linked to readmission," http://www.jeanpierrecassarino.com/datasets/ra/
Luxembourg	2008	2017
Jean-Pierre Cassarino, "Inventory of the bilateral agreements linked to readmission," http://www.jeanpierrecassarino.com/datasets/ra/
Malta	2011	2017
Jean-Pierre Cassarino, "Inventory of the bilateral agreements linked to readmission," http://www.jeanpierrecassarino.com/datasets/ra/
Romania	2005	2017
Jean-Pierre Cassarino, "Inventory of the bilateral agreements linked to readmission," http://www.jeanpierrecassarino.com/datasets/ra/
Spain	2011	2017
Jean-Pierre Cassarino, "Inventory of the bilateral agreements linked to readmission," http://www.jeanpierrecassarino.com/datasets/ra/
Norway	2009	2017
Jean-Pierre Cassarino, "Inventory of the bilateral agreements linked to readmission," http://www.jeanpierrecassarino.com/datasets/ra/
Slovakia	2010	2017
Jean-Pierre Cassarino, "Inventory of the bilateral agreements linked to readmission," http://www.jeanpierrecassarino.com/datasets/ra/
Slovenia	2011	2017
Jean-Pierre Cassarino, "Inventory of the bilateral agreements linked to readmission," http://www.jeanpierrecassarino.com/datasets/ra/
Netherlands	2008	2017
Jean-Pierre Cassarino, "Inventory of the bilateral agreements linked to readmission," http://www.jeanpierrecassarino.com/datasets/ra/
United Kingdom	2005	2017
Jean-Pierre Cassarino, "Inventory of the bilateral agreements linked to readmission," http://www.jeanpierrecassarino.com/datasets/ra/
Iceland	2010	2017
Jean-Pierre Cassarino, "Inventory of the bilateral agreements linked to readmission," http://www.jeanpierrecassarino.com/datasets/ra/
Switzerland	2003	2017
Jean-Pierre Cassarino, "Inventory of the bilateral agreements linked to readmission," http://www.jeanpierrecassarino.com/datasets/ra/
Bosnia and Herzegovina	2010	2017
Jean-Pierre Cassarino, "Inventory of the bilateral agreements linked to readmission," http://www.jeanpierrecassarino.com/datasets/ra/
Croatia	2005	2017
Jean-Pierre Cassarino, "Inventory of the bilateral agreements linked to readmission," http://www.jeanpierrecassarino.com/datasets/ra/
Macedonia	2005	2017
Jean-Pierre Cassarino, "Inventory of the bilateral agreements linked to readmission," http://www.jeanpierrecassarino.com/datasets/ra/
Kosovo	2010	2017
Jean-Pierre Cassarino, "Inventory of the bilateral agreements linked to readmission," http://www.jeanpierrecassarino.com/datasets/ra/
Moldova	2013	2017
Jean-Pierre Cassarino, "Inventory of the bilateral agreements linked to readmission," http://www.jeanpierrecassarino.com/datasets/ra/
Montenegro	2011	2017
Jean-Pierre Cassarino, "Inventory of the bilateral agreements linked to readmission," http://www.jeanpierrecassarino.com/datasets/ra/
Serbia	2011	2017
Jean-Pierre Cassarino, "Inventory of the bilateral agreements linked to readmission," http://www.jeanpierrecassarino.com/datasets/ra/
Albania (EU agreement)	2006	2006
Jean-Pierre Cassarino, "Inventory of the bilateral agreements linked to readmission," http://www.jeanpierrecassarino.com/datasets/ra/

4. Non treaty-based international human rights mechanisms

Visits by special procedures of the Human Rights Council Show sources

Name	Year of Visit	Observation Date
Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants	2011	2011
UN Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Migrants. 2012. "Report of the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants, François Crépeau. Addendum. Mission to Albania. 5-13 December 2011." United Nations. 10 April 2012. http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G12/129/01/PDF/G1212901.pdf?OpenElement

Relevant recommendations of the UN Universal Periodic Review Show sources

Recomendation Issued	Year Issued	Observation Date
No	2010	2017
Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Albania, A/HRC/13/6, 4 January 2010, https://www.upr-info.org/sites/default/files/document/albania/session_6_-_november_2009/ahrc136albaniae.pdf
Yes	2014	2017
Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Albania, A/HRC/27/4, 7 July 2014 , p.21, 104.105, https://www.upr-info.org/sites/default/files/document/albania/session_19_-_april_2014/a_hrc_27_4_e.pdf

Institutions Expand all

A. Governing structures

B. Institutions responsible for immigration detention

Apprehending authorities Show sources

Name	Agency	Ministry	Observation Date
Border Patrol			2015
Xinhua News. 2015. "Albanian police detain 81 illegal migrants." Xinhua News. 23 March 2015. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-03/23/c_134087723.htm
Police			2014
Sharkov, Damien (Newsweek). 2014. "Five Illegal Immigrants Detained in Albania With Ebola Symptoms." Newsweek. 14 August 2014. http://www.newsweek.com/five-illegal-immigrants-detained-albania-ebola-symptoms-264605

Types of detention facilities used in practice Show sources

Immigration detention centre (Administrative)	Border guard (Administrative)	Observation Date
Yes	Yes	2015
EU Parliament. 2013. "Parliamentary questions to the Commission: Subject: Concerns over closed detention centre for migrants in Kareç, Albania." EU Parliament. 12 March 2013. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=WQ&reference=E-2013-002870&language=FR
Sharkov, Damien (Newsweek). 2014. "Five Illegal Immigrants Detained in Albania With Ebola Symptoms." Newsweek. 14 August 2014. http://www.newsweek.com/five-illegal-immigrants-detained-albania-ebola-symptoms-264605
		2015

C. Detention monitoring institutions

Authorized monitoring institutions Show sources

Institution	Institution Type	Observation Date
Office of the People's Advocate (Avokati i Popullit)	National Human Rights Institution (or Ombudsperson) (NHRI)	2016
Directory of National Human Rights Institutions
Office of the People's Advocate (Avokati i Popullit)	OPCAT National Preventive Mechanism (NPM)	2016
Republic of Albania Assembly, The Law on the People's Advocate no. 8454 dated of February, 4th 1999 and as amended in November, 11th 2014. http://www.avokatipopullit.gov.al/en/ligji-p%C3%ABr-avokatin-e-popullit-0

Is the national human rights institution (NHRI) recognized as independent? Show sources

Is the NHRI recognized as independent by the International Coordinating Committee of National Human Rights Institutions?	Observation Date
Yes	2016
Directory of National Human Rights Institutions

Does NHRI carry out visits? Show sources

Does NHRI carry out visits in practice?	Observation Date
Yes	2016
Republic of Albania Assembly, The Law on the People's Advocate no. 8454 dated of February, 4th 1999 and as amended in November, 11th 2014. http://www.avokatipopullit.gov.al/en/ligji-p%C3%ABr-avokatin-e-popullit-0

Does NHRI have capacity to receive complaints? Show sources

Does NHRI have capacity to receive complaints?	Observation Date
Yes	2016
Republic of Albania Assembly, The Law on the People's Advocate no. 8454 dated of February, 4th 1999 and as amended in November, 11th 2014. http://www.avokatipopullit.gov.al/en/ligji-p%C3%ABr-avokatin-e-popullit-0

Does NHRI publicly release reports on immigration detention? Show sources

Does NHRI publicly release reports on immigration detention?	Observation Date
Yes	2015
Republic of Albania People's Advocate, Annual Report on the activity of the People's Advocate (1 January – 31 December 2014), "Level of observance of rights of persons in Centres National Reception Centre for Asylum‐seekers", published in Tirana, February 2015. http://www.avokatipopullit.gov.al/sites/default/files/ctools/PEOPLES%20ADVOCATE_2014.pdf

Does national preventive mechanism (NPM) carry out visits? Show sources

Does NPM carry out visits in practice?	Observation Date
Yes	2015
Republic of Albania People's Advocate, Annual Report on the activity of the People's Advocate (1 January – 31 December 2014), "Level of observance of rights of persons in Centres National Reception Centre for Asylum‐seekers", published in Tirana, February 2015. http://www.avokatipopullit.gov.al/sites/default/files/ctools/PEOPLES%20ADVOCATE_2014.pdf

Does NPM publicly release reports on immigration detention? Show sources

Does NPM publicly release reports on immigration detention?	Observation Date
Yes	2015
Republic of Albania People's Advocate, Annual Report on the activity of the People's Advocate (1 January – 31 December 2014), "Level of observance of rights of persons in Centres National Reception Centre for Asylum‐seekers", published in Tirana, February 2015. http://www.avokatipopullit.gov.al/sites/default/files/ctools/PEOPLES%20ADVOCATE_2014.pdf

D. Outsourcing and privatisation

E. Expenditures

F. Foreign sources of funding for detention operations

Does the country receive external sources of funding? Show sources

Benefitted from non-state funding sources?	Observation Date
Yes	2010
EU Parliament. 2013. "Parliamentary questions to the Commission: Subject: Concerns over closed detention centre for migrants in Kareç, Albania." EU Parliament. 12 March 2013. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=WQ&reference=E-2013-002870&language=FR

Description of foreign assistance Show sources

Description of non-state assistance	Observation Date
According to a EU Parliament question to the EU Commission (March 2013): During his visit to Albania in December 2011, the UN Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Migrants expressed his concern about the closed detention centre in Kareç. The Kareç closed detention centre, which opened in 2010, was constructed primarily with funding from the European Union. The issues of accessibility, detention conditions, legal safeguards in law and practice and the treatment of detainees, which are explicitly mentioned in the UN Special Rapporteur’s report, are therefore particularly worrying. The report mentions, in particular: the ‘bad road conditions, which seriously obstruct the enjoyment of detainees’ right to legal defence and independent monitoring by national and international bodies’; the centre’s infrastructure and organisation; the poor living and hygienic conditions, such as cold and humidity and the lack of outdoor facilities or activities, which recall those of ‘a mid‐ to high-security prison’; the internal regulations, which contain provisions allowing the presence of ‘minors’ in the centre; and the lack of adequate information in a language commonly spoken by detainees about their rights and the reasons for their detention. Taking into account the readmission agreement between Albania and the EU, which entered into force on 1 May 2006 and presupposes full respect of human rights and fundamental freedoms, on what basis was this detention centre funded by the EU? Did the Commission have any say in the architectural planning and internal regulation of the centre? Is the Commission aware of the situation described above? If so, what steps has it taken to remedy the situation? If not, what concrete steps will it take now?	2013
EU Parliament. 2013. "Parliamentary questions to the Commission: Subject: Concerns over closed detention centre for migrants in Kareç, Albania." EU Parliament. 12 March 2013. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=WQ&reference=E-2013-002870&language=FR

Description of non-state assistance

Observation Date

According to a EU Parliament question to the EU Commission (March 2013): During his visit to Albania in December 2011, the UN Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Migrants expressed his concern about the closed detention centre in Kareç. The Kareç closed detention centre, which opened in 2010, was constructed primarily with funding from the European Union. The issues of accessibility, detention conditions, legal safeguards in law and practice and the treatment of detainees, which are explicitly mentioned in the UN Special Rapporteur’s report, are therefore particularly worrying. The report mentions, in particular: the ‘bad road conditions, which seriously obstruct the enjoyment of detainees’ right to legal defence and independent monitoring by national and international bodies’; the centre’s infrastructure and organisation; the poor living and hygienic conditions, such as cold and humidity and the lack of outdoor facilities or activities, which recall those of ‘a mid‐ to high-security prison’; the internal regulations, which contain provisions allowing the presence of ‘minors’ in the centre; and the lack of adequate information in a language commonly spoken by detainees about their rights and the reasons for their detention. Taking into account the readmission agreement between Albania and the EU, which entered into force on 1 May 2006 and presupposes full respect of human rights and fundamental freedoms, on what basis was this detention centre funded by the EU? Did the Commission have any say in the architectural planning and internal regulation of the centre? Is the Commission aware of the situation described above? If so, what steps has it taken to remedy the situation? If not, what concrete steps will it take now?

2013

Socio Economic Data Expand all

A. Economics and Development Indicators

Gross Domestic Product per capita (in USD) Show sources

Gross Domestic Product per capita (in USD)	Observation Date
4,537.86	2017
The World Bank. GDP Per Capita (current US$).
4,564	2014
The World Bank. GDP Per Capita (current US$).

Remittances to the country Show sources

Remittances to the country (in millions USD)	Observation Date
1,118,000	2015
International Migration, 2015, Wall Chart, UN Population, http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/migration/migration-wallchart-2015.shtml

Unemployment Rate Show sources

Unemployment Rate	Observation Date
	2017
The World Bank. 2018. "Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (modeled ILO estimate)". https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS
	2014
The World Bank. Unemployment, total (% of total labor force), 2014
	2013

Unemployment rate amongst migrants

Unemployment rate amongst migrants	Observation Date
80	2013

Net official development assistance (ODA) (in millions USD) Show sources

Net official development assistance (ODA) (in USD)	Observation Date
168,530,000	2016
The World Bank. 2018. "Net Official Development Assistance Received (current US$)". https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/DT.ODA.ODAT.CD
280.1	2014
OECD - DAC, Net ODA in millions USD, 2014, http://www.oecd.org/dac/stats

Human Development Index Ranking (UNDP) Show sources

Human Development Index Ranking (UNDP)	UNDP four-tiered ranking	Observation Date
68	High	2017
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). 2018. "Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical Update". http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2018_human_development_statistical_update.pdf
85	High	2015
Human Development Reports

B. Attitudes and Perceptions

World Bank Rule of Law Index Show sources

Percentile rank among all countries (ranges from 0 (lowest) to 100 (highest) rank)	Estimate of governance (ranges from approximately -2.5 (weak) to 2.5 (strong) )	Observation Date
39	-0.4	2017
The World Bank. 2017. "The World Bank's Worldwide Governance Indicators. Rule of Law 2017." http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/#reports

Country Links

Government Agencies
International Organisations
Media
NGOs and Research Institutions

Government Agencies

Prime Minister´s Office: http://www.kryeministria.al/en/

Ministry of Justice: http://www.drejtesia.gov.al (in Albanian)

Avokati i Popullit (Ombudsman): http://www.avokatipopullit.gov.al/en/rreth-nesh-0

International Organisations

UNHCR Albania: http://www.unhcr.org/albania.html

IOM Albania: http://www.albania.iom.int/index.php/en/

Media

Albanian Daily News: http://www.albaniannews.com/index.php

Tirana Times: http://www.tiranatimes.com/

NGOs and Research Institutions

Children’s Human Rights Centre of Albania (CRCA): http://www.crca.al/

Albanian Human Rights Group: http://www.ahrg-al.org

Additional Resources

Stranded in Aegean Limbo: September 2019 Newsletter

October 2019

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